How exile media can remain viable, independent and impactful
Afghanistan and Myanmar are two countries in Asia where independent journalism has collapsed under authoritarian regimes. Once seen as regional media success stories, both nations have experienced drastic political shifts that forced many journalists and media outlets into exile. Amid rising global repression and shrinking donor support, understanding how exile media remain viable, independent and impactful is increasingly urgent.
Main takeaways from discussions with exile media experts
Researchers Karen Williams and Sandy Soe conducted interviews and focus group discussions with representatives of exile media from Afghanistan and Myanmar, examining challenges around audiences and communities, content and impact measurement, revenue and business models, technology and safety.
The findings were presented and debated at three major events in November 2025. In a hybrid session at the Exile Media Forum in Hamburg, Germany, experts discussed the relevance of the findings. At the Global Investigative Journalism Conference, in Malaysia, 30 journalists and managers working in exile media, mostly from Myanmar and Afghanistan, examined the future of journalism in exile. In Chiang Mai, Thailand, the feedback event was co-hosted by the Independent Press Council of Myanmar (IPCM).
Here are the main takeaways from the discussions with exile media experts from around the globe:
Funding is still an overwhelming concern, but not the only one
Independent exile media are fighting for survival on multiple fronts. Funding remains the biggest threat, as global cuts continue to choke operations. But money isn’t the only concern. Oftentimes, editors have to weigh life-or-death decisions: keeping staff safe, growing audiences, and producing programming that loyal supporters depend on.
Safety versus visibility: A constant dilemma
Exile media walk a tightrope – protecting their audiences, staff, and families in-country while striving for visibility and broad content dissemination. The exile media interviewed for DW Akademie’s study made clear that despite the extreme risks they and their families face, they are deliberately not staying silent.
Trauma is the silent crisis
Journalists often work in societies where mental health support is taboo, leaving newsroom managers to shoulder the burden. Existing psychosocial support structures fall short, and the unique needs of exile journalists – working under trauma, isolation, and threat – remain poorly understood and underserved. Peer-to-peer talks are one way of dealing with trauma, as the new study points out.
Solidarity matters
Exile media houses crave connection – sharing experiences and practical tools with peers facing similar challenges. These exchanges aren’t just symbolic; they’re vital for resilience and innovation.
Audience is key
Viewers and readers don’t just consume content – they shape it. They provide tips, feedback, and even safe spaces for reporters on the ground. Engagement isn’t optional; it’s survival.
Content strategy: Beyond politics
To stay relevant, exile media must go beyond political reporting. Engaging storytelling, entertainment, and community-driven content help reach broader audiences and build trust.
Independence equals credibility
Even when audiences lean toward anti-government movements, exile media insist on staying free from political influence. That independence is their badge of trust.
Technology: Lifeline and shield
Digital platforms allow exiled outlets to publish and protect identities, while tech know-how helps them fend off cyberattacks. For many, tech isn’t optional – it’s the backbone of their existence.
Exiled journalists are not business experts
There are no ready-made business models for exile media. But not all journalists are experienced in monetization, forcing them to experiment with untested approaches. From adjusting editorial strategies for social platforms to exploring TikTok as a revenue stream, innovation is a necessity – not a choice.
Big Tech influence
Large tech companies hold enormous power over exile media. Facebook’s censorship policies and unreliable monetization systems leave newsrooms vulnerable. With some platforms not paying at all or only little for Myanmar audiences, for example, and with frequent policy shifts, lobbying tech giants to recognize verified outlets and compensate them is becoming urgent.
Media in exile: Resilience mechanisms and survival strategies when covering Afghanistan and Myanmar is a publication of DW Akademie, with support from the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
